Top 100 Recent CVEs

CVE-2025-52650 8.2
Published: 2025-10-10T10:15:35.320

What it does:

The CVE-2025-52650 vulnerability allows inline script execution despite Content Security Policy (CSP) restrictions in HCL AION version 2.0, potentially enabling attackers to inject and execute malicious scripts.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it can lead to cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks, where an attacker can inject malicious code into a website, steal user data, or take control of user sessions, compromising the security and integrity of the system.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update HCL AION to the latest version
  • [Apply CSP restrictions to prevent inline script execution]
  • Implement Web Application Firewall (WAF) rules to detect and block XSS attacks
  • Monitor system logs for suspicious activity
  • Limit user privileges to minimize potential damage.
CVE-2025-52634 3.7
Published: 2025-10-10T10:15:35.137

What it does:

The CVE-2025-52634 vulnerability allows sensitive information to be exposed to unauthorized actors in HCL AION version 2.0, potentially giving them access to confidential data.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it can lead to unauthorized access to sensitive information, which can result in data breaches, intellectual property theft, and other malicious activities, compromising the security and integrity of the affected system.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update HCL AION to the latest version
  • [patch the vulnerability with the latest security fixes]
  • implement access controls and authentication mechanisms to restrict unauthorized access
  • monitor system logs for suspicious activity
  • contact HCL support for guidance on securing AION version 2.0.
CVE-2025-52632 6.5
Published: 2025-10-10T10:15:34.937

What it does:

The CVE-2025-52632 vulnerability occurs when an encrypted session cookie in HCL AION lacks a secure attribute, allowing the cookie to be transmitted over an insecure connection.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it enables attackers to intercept and access sensitive session information, potentially leading to unauthorized access, data theft, or other malicious activities, compromising the security and confidentiality of user data.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update HCL AION to the latest version
  • [Verify that all session cookies have the secure attribute set]
  • [Use additional security measures such as HTTPS to encrypt data in transit]
  • [Monitor network traffic for suspicious activity]
CVE-2025-52630 3.7
Published: 2025-10-10T10:15:34.737

What it does:

The CVE-2025-52630 vulnerability allows unauthorized access to sensitive information in HCL AION version 2.0, potentially exposing confidential data to unwanted parties.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it can lead to the unauthorized disclosure of sensitive information, which can be used for malicious purposes, compromising the security and privacy of the affected system and its users.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update HCL AION to the latest version
  • [apply security patches provided by the vendor]
  • implement access controls and authentication mechanisms to restrict unauthorized access to sensitive information
  • monitor system logs for suspicious activity
  • contact HCL support for further guidance and recommendations.
CVE-2025-41089 0
Published: 2025-10-10T10:15:34.543

What it does:

This vulnerability allows an attacker to perform a Reflected Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attack on Xibo CMS version 4.1.2 by creating a malicious template with a specially crafted 'Configuration Name' field, potentially executing unwanted code on a user's browser.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it enables attackers to inject malicious scripts into a user's browser, potentially leading to unauthorized access, data theft, or other malicious activities, by exploiting the lack of proper validation of user input in the Xibo CMS.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update Xibo CMS to the latest version
  • [Verify user input validation in the 'Templates' section]
  • Implement Web Application Firewall (WAF) rules to detect and prevent XSS attacks
  • Limit user permissions to create and modify templates
  • Regularly monitor system logs for suspicious activity
CVE-2025-41088 0
Published: 2025-10-10T10:15:34.350

What it does:

This vulnerability allows an attacker to store malicious code in Xibo Signage's Xibo CMS v4.1.2 by creating a template, adding a text element, and modifying the text field with a malicious payload, enabling a Stored Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attack.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it enables attackers to inject malicious code into the system, which can then be executed by other users, potentially leading to unauthorized access, data theft, or other malicious activities.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update Xibo CMS to a version that fixes this vulnerability
  • [Implement proper input validation and sanitization for all user-input fields]
  • Restrict access to the 'Templates' and 'Global Elements' sections to authorized users only
  • Monitor the system for suspicious activity and implement a Web Application Firewall (WAF) to detect and prevent XSS attacks.
CVE-2025-37727 5.7
Published: 2025-10-10T10:15:34.167

What it does:

This vulnerability allows sensitive information to be inserted into log files in Elasticsearch when auditing requests to the reindex API, potentially exposing confidential data under specific conditions.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it can lead to a loss of confidentiality, where unauthorized parties may gain access to sensitive information that is not intended for public disclosure, compromising the security and privacy of the data stored in Elasticsearch.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Review Elasticsearch logging configurations to ensure sensitive information is not being logged
  • [Configure Elasticsearch to use secure logging practices, such as encrypting log files or using a secure logging mechanism]
  • [Regularly monitor Elasticsearch logs for suspicious activity and audit requests to the reindex API
  • [Update Elasticsearch to the latest version or apply the recommended patch to fix the vulnerability
  • [Limit access to Elasticsearch logs and the reindex API to authorized personnel only]
CVE-2025-30001 0
Published: 2025-10-10T10:15:33.960

What it does:

The CVE-2025-30001 vulnerability allows incorrect execution-assigned permissions in Apache StreamPark, potentially leading to unauthorized access or actions.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it can enable malicious users to perform actions they shouldn't be allowed to, compromising the security and integrity of the system.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Upgrade to Apache StreamPark version 2.1.6
  • Verify that all instances of Apache StreamPark are updated to the latest version
  • Monitor system logs for any suspicious activity related to Apache StreamPark
CVE-2025-25018 8.7
Published: 2025-10-10T10:15:33.743

What it does:

The CVE-2025-25018 vulnerability allows an attacker to inject malicious code into Kibana's web pages due to improper handling of user input, leading to stored Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attacks.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it enables attackers to execute malicious scripts on users' browsers, potentially stealing sensitive information, hijacking user sessions, or performing unauthorized actions, which can compromise the security and integrity of the affected system.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update Kibana to the latest version
  • [Apply the official patch from the vendor]
  • Implement input validation and sanitization for all user-generated content
  • Use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) to detect and prevent XSS attacks
  • Restrict access to Kibana to only trusted users and networks.
CVE-2025-25017 8.2
Published: 2025-10-10T10:15:32.900

What it does:

This vulnerability allows an attacker to inject malicious code into Kibana's web pages due to improper handling of user input, leading to Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attacks.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it enables attackers to execute malicious scripts on users' browsers, potentially stealing sensitive information, taking control of user sessions, or performing unauthorized actions.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update Kibana to the latest version
  • [patch vulnerable components with official fixes]
  • [implement input validation and sanitization for all user-generated content]
  • [restrict access to Kibana to trusted users and networks]
  • [enable web application firewall (WAF) rules to detect and prevent XSS attacks]
CVE-2025-52655 3.1
Published: 2025-10-10T09:15:37.593

What it does:

The CVE-2025-52655 vulnerability in HCL MyXalytics v6.6 allows the application to load third-party scripts without checking their integrity or validating their source, which can lead to external code running within the application.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it enables external code to run in the application's context, potentially exposing sensitive data and putting the security of the application and its users at risk.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update HCL MyXalytics to a version that fixes this vulnerability
  • Implement strict validation and integrity checks for all third-party scripts
  • Restrict the application's ability to load external scripts from untrusted sources
  • Monitor the application for suspicious activity and data exposure.
CVE-2025-40640 0
Published: 2025-10-10T09:15:34.753

What it does:

This vulnerability allows an attacker to store malicious code in the Energy CRM system by exploiting a lack of input validation in the "customerName_0" parameter of a POST request to "/crm/create_invoice_submit.php", enabling them to send a specially crafted query to an authenticated user.

Why it's a problem:

This problem is significant because it could allow a remote attacker to steal an authenticated user's cookie session details, potentially leading to unauthorized access to sensitive information and system compromise.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Validate user input in the "customerName_0" parameter
  • [patch the Energy CRM system to the latest version]
  • implement Web Application Firewall (WAF) rules to detect and prevent XSS attacks
  • restrict access to the "/crm/create_invoice_submit.php" page to authorized users only
  • monitor system logs for suspicious activity and signs of XSS attempts.
CVE-2025-62292 4.3
Published: 2025-10-10T07:15:43.937

What it does:

This vulnerability allows low-privileged users with authentication to access sensitive user information, including email addresses of other accounts, by querying a specific endpoint in SonarQube.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it exposes personal data of users, such as email addresses, to unauthorized individuals, potentially leading to privacy violations, phishing attacks, or other security threats.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update SonarQube to version 25.6 or later
  • Apply the 2025.3 Commercial update
  • Install the 2025.1.3 LTA patch
  • Restrict access to the /api/v2/users-management/users endpoint to administrative users only
  • Monitor user activity for suspicious queries to the affected endpoint.
CVE-2025-21070 4.0
Published: 2025-10-10T07:15:43.513

What it does:

The CVE-2025-21070 vulnerability allows an attacker to write data outside the intended boundaries of memory in the SPI decoder of Samsung Notes, prior to version 4.4.30.63, which can lead to unauthorized modifications of memory content.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it can be exploited by local attackers to potentially gain elevated privileges, execute malicious code, or cause the application to crash, resulting in disruption of service or compromise of sensitive data.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update Samsung Notes to version 4.4.30.63 or later
  • Restrict access to the affected device or application to trusted individuals
  • Monitor the application for suspicious activity and crashes, and report any incidents to the vendor or security team.
CVE-2025-21069 4.0
Published: 2025-10-10T07:15:43.367

What it does:

This vulnerability allows a local attacker to access memory outside the intended boundaries when Samsung Notes (prior to version 4.4.30.63) parses image data, potentially exposing sensitive information.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it could enable attackers to access sensitive data or disrupt the normal functioning of the device, which could lead to security breaches or crashes.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update Samsung Notes to version 4.4.30.63 or later
  • Avoid opening untrusted image files in Samsung Notes
  • Use alternative note-taking apps until the update is installed
CVE-2025-21068 4.0
Published: 2025-10-10T07:15:43.230

What it does:

The CVE-2025-21068 vulnerability allows a local attacker to access memory outside the intended boundaries when reading image data in Samsung Notes versions prior to 4.4.30.63.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it can potentially lead to unauthorized access to sensitive information stored in the device's memory, compromising user data and system security.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update Samsung Notes to version 4.4.30.63 or later
  • Avoid opening untrusted image files in Samsung Notes
  • Use a different note-taking app until the update is installed
CVE-2025-21067 4.0
Published: 2025-10-10T07:15:43.080

What it does:

This vulnerability allows a local attacker to access memory outside the allocated buffer for images in Samsung Notes, prior to version 4.4.30.63, due to an out-of-bounds read.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it could potentially enable attackers to access sensitive information or disrupt the normal functioning of the application, leading to data breaches or other security issues.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update Samsung Notes to version 4.4.30.63 or later
  • Avoid using Samsung Notes until the update is installed
  • Regularly monitor device security for any unusual activity
CVE-2025-21066 4.0
Published: 2025-10-10T07:15:42.940

What it does:

The CVE-2025-21066 vulnerability allows a local attacker to perform an out-of-bounds read in the SPI decoder of Samsung Notes versions prior to 4.4.30.63, enabling them to access memory outside the intended boundaries.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it can potentially lead to unauthorized access to sensitive information, crashing of the application, or even execution of malicious code, which could compromise the security and integrity of the affected device.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update Samsung Notes to version 4.4.30.63 or later
  • Avoid using outdated versions of Samsung Notes
  • Regularly check for and install updates for Samsung Notes and other installed applications.
CVE-2025-21065 6.6
Published: 2025-10-10T07:15:42.800

What it does:

This vulnerability allows an attacker with access to a device in Retail Mode to execute commands that normally require higher privileges, potentially giving them control over the device.

Why it's a problem:

This is a problem because it could allow someone with physical access to a device to gain unauthorized control, potentially leading to data theft, device takeover, or other malicious activities.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update Retail Mode to version 5.59.11 or later
  • Limit physical access to devices in Retail Mode
  • Monitor device activity for suspicious commands or behavior
CVE-2025-21064 8.8
Published: 2025-10-10T07:15:42.637

What it does:

The CVE-2025-21064 vulnerability allows unauthorized access to data being transferred through Smart Switch, a feature that enables data transfer between devices, due to improper authentication in versions prior to 3.7.66.6.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it enables adjacent attackers, who are in close proximity to the victim's device, to intercept and access sensitive data being transferred, potentially leading to data theft, unauthorized access, or other malicious activities.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update Smart Switch to version 3.7.66.6 or later
  • Use alternative, secure data transfer methods
  • Implement additional security measures, such as encryption, to protect transferring data
  • Limit use of Smart Switch in public or untrusted networks.
CVE-2025-21063 4.6
Published: 2025-10-10T07:15:42.493

What it does:

The Samsung Voice Recorder app has a vulnerability that allows someone with physical access to a device to access recording files even when the device is locked, due to improper access control.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it could allow unauthorized individuals to listen to sensitive or private recordings, potentially leading to invasion of privacy or disclosure of confidential information.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update Samsung Voice Recorder to version 21.5.73.12 or later on Android 15
  • [Update Samsung Voice Recorder to version 21.5.81.40 or later on Android 16]
  • [Use a device lock screen with additional security features, such as a PIN or fingerprint reader
  • [Enable encryption on the device to protect data at rest]
CVE-2025-21062 7.8
Published: 2025-10-10T07:15:42.333

What it does:

The CVE-2025-21062 vulnerability allows attackers to replace the restoring application in Smart Switch versions prior to 3.7.67.2 by exploiting a broken or risky cryptographic algorithm, but only if they have local access and the user interacts with the vulnerability.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it enables attackers to manipulate the restoring application, potentially leading to unauthorized access, data tampering, or malware installation, which can compromise the security and integrity of the affected system.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update Smart Switch to version 3.7.67.2 or later
  • Avoid interacting with suspicious or unknown applications
  • Limit local access to trusted users and devices
  • Monitor system activity for signs of unauthorized access or manipulation.
CVE-2025-21061 7.1
Published: 2025-10-10T07:15:42.147

What it does:

This vulnerability allows local attackers to access sensitive data stored in cleartext by the Smart Switch application, but only if the user interacts with the application in a specific way and the Smart Switch version is prior to 3.7.67.2.

Why it's a problem:

This is a problem because sensitive information is not being properly protected, which could lead to unauthorized access and potential misuse of the data, compromising user privacy and security.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update Smart Switch to version 3.7.67.2 or later
  • Limit user interaction with the vulnerable Smart Switch application
  • Implement additional security measures to protect sensitive data, such as encryption and secure storage practices.
CVE-2025-21060 5.5
Published: 2025-10-10T07:15:41.973

What it does:

This vulnerability allows an attacker with local access to view sensitive information stored in plain text in the Smart Switch application's backup data, but only if the user interacts with the application in a specific way.

Why it's a problem:

This is a problem because it could give an attacker access to confidential data, such as passwords or personal information, that is supposed to be protected. If an attacker gains local access to a device, they could exploit this vulnerability to steal sensitive information.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update Smart Switch to version 3.7.67.2 or later
  • Limit local access to devices
  • Use additional security measures, such as encryption, to protect sensitive data.
CVE-2025-21059 6.2
Published: 2025-10-10T07:15:41.807

What it does:

The CVE-2025-21059 vulnerability allows unauthorized local access to data stored in the Samsung Health application, specifically in versions prior to 6.30.5.105, due to improper authorization.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it enables local attackers to view or exploit sensitive health information without permission, potentially leading to privacy breaches or other malicious activities.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update Samsung Health to version 6.30.5.105 or later
  • Use strong device security measures, including passwords and biometric authentication
  • Regularly review and monitor device permissions and access controls.
CVE-2025-21058 7.3
Published: 2025-10-10T07:15:41.633

What it does:

This vulnerability allows local attackers to potentially execute arbitrary code with SystemUI privilege due to improper access control in Routines prior to version 4.8.7.1 in Android 15 and 4.9.6.0 in Android 16.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it enables attackers to gain elevated system privileges, potentially allowing them to access sensitive information, modify system settings, or install malicious software, which can compromise the security and integrity of the affected device.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update Routines to version 4.8.7.1 or later in Android 15
  • Update Routines to version 4.9.6.0 or later in Android 16
  • Avoid installing untrusted or unsigned applications
  • Regularly review system logs for suspicious activity
  • Ensure device software and security patches are up-to-date.
CVE-2025-21057 4.0
Published: 2025-10-10T07:15:41.457

What it does:

The CVE-2025-21057 vulnerability in Samsung Notes versions prior to 4.4.30.63 allows a local attacker to access shared notes due to the app's use of implicit intent for sensitive communication.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it enables unauthorized access to potentially sensitive information shared through notes, compromising user privacy and security.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update Samsung Notes to version 4.4.30.63 or later
  • Avoid sharing sensitive information through Samsung Notes until the update is installed
  • Restrict access to the device to prevent local attackers from exploiting the vulnerability
CVE-2025-21055 4.3
Published: 2025-10-10T07:15:41.270

What it does:

This vulnerability allows remote attackers to read and write outside the boundaries of authorized memory areas in the libimagecodec.quram.so library, prior to the SMR Oct-2025 Release 1.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it enables attackers to potentially access sensitive information or disrupt system stability by manipulating memory outside the intended boundaries, which could lead to data breaches, system crashes, or other malicious activities.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update to SMR Oct-2025 Release 1 or later
  • Apply security patches for libimagecodec.quram.so
  • Restrict access to vulnerable systems until updates can be applied
CVE-2025-21054 4.0
Published: 2025-10-10T07:15:41.087

What it does:

This vulnerability allows a local attacker to read memory outside the intended boundaries when the system is decoding JPEG images, due to a flaw in the libpadm.so library.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it could potentially allow an attacker to access sensitive information stored in the system's memory, which could be used for malicious purposes.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update libpadm.so to the latest version available in the SMR Oct-2025 Release 1 or later
  • Apply security patches released by the vendor
  • Avoid using affected systems for sensitive operations until the update is applied
CVE-2025-21053 4.0
Published: 2025-10-10T07:15:40.910

What it does:

This vulnerability allows an attacker to write data outside the intended boundaries in the JPEG decoding process of a specific library, potentially causing memory corruption.

Why it's a problem:

This issue is a problem because it can lead to unstable system behavior, crashes, or even allow attackers to execute arbitrary code, compromising the security and integrity of the system.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update to SMR Oct-2025 Release 1 or later
  • Avoid using affected versions of libpadm.so
  • Apply security patches as soon as they become available
CVE-2025-21052 4.0
Published: 2025-10-10T07:15:40.753

What it does:

This vulnerability allows a local attacker to write data outside the intended boundaries in the JPEG decoding process of a specific library, potentially causing memory corruption.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it can lead to unpredictable behavior, crashes, or even allow attackers to execute malicious code, compromising the security and stability of the system.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update to SMR Oct-2025 Release 1 or later
  • [Apply security patches to libpadm.so]
  • Avoid using vulnerable versions of libpadm.so in sensitive applications
  • Regularly review and update software libraries to prevent similar vulnerabilities.
CVE-2025-21051 4.0
Published: 2025-10-10T07:15:40.593

What it does:

The CVE-2025-21051 vulnerability allows a local attacker to write data to areas of memory outside the intended boundaries during the processing of JPEG images in the libpadm.so library.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it can potentially enable attackers to execute malicious code, modify sensitive data, or crash systems by overwriting critical memory areas, thus compromising system security and stability.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update libpadm.so to the latest version available in the SMR Oct-2025 Release 1 or later
  • Apply security patches provided by the vendor for the affected library
  • Avoid using vulnerable versions of the libpadm.so library for JPEG decoding until a secure update is applied.
CVE-2025-21050 7.1
Published: 2025-10-10T07:15:40.427

What it does:

This vulnerability allows a local attacker to access data from multiple user profiles due to improper input validation in the Contacts feature, affecting versions prior to the SMR Oct-2025 Release 1.

Why it's a problem:

This is a problem because it enables unauthorized access to sensitive information across different user accounts, potentially leading to data breaches and privacy violations.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update to SMR Oct-2025 Release 1 or later
  • Implement strict access controls for the Contacts feature
  • Monitor user activity for suspicious behavior across multiple profiles
CVE-2025-21049 5.5
Published: 2025-10-10T07:15:40.267

What it does:

This vulnerability allows local attackers to access sensitive information due to improper access control in SecSettings, but only if the attacker can interact with the system in some way.

Why it's a problem:

This is a problem because it could allow unauthorized individuals to gain access to confidential data, which could be used for malicious purposes, compromising the security and privacy of the system and its users.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update SecSettings to the SMR Oct-2025 Release 1 or later
  • Limit local access to the system to trusted individuals only
  • Monitor system activity for suspicious behavior related to SecSettings access
CVE-2025-21048 6.7
Published: 2025-10-10T07:15:40.087

What it does:

The CVE-2025-21048 vulnerability allows a local attacker to execute arbitrary code on a system running Knox Enterprise, prior to the SMR Oct-2025 Release 1, by exploiting a relative path traversal weakness.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it enables an attacker with local access to potentially take control of the system, execute malicious code, and access sensitive data, which could lead to significant security breaches and data compromises.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update Knox Enterprise to the SMR Oct-2025 Release 1 or later
  • [Limit local access to the system to trusted users and applications]
  • Implement additional security controls, such as intrusion detection and prevention systems, to monitor and block suspicious activity
  • Regularly review system logs for signs of unauthorized access or malicious activity.
CVE-2025-21047 5.2
Published: 2025-10-10T07:15:39.900

What it does:

The CVE-2025-21047 vulnerability allows physical attackers to access and use privileged APIs in KnoxGuard due to improper access control, affecting versions prior to the SMR Oct-2025 Release 1.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it enables attackers with physical access to exploit the system, potentially leading to unauthorized data access, modification, or other malicious activities, which can compromise the security and integrity of the affected device.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update KnoxGuard to the SMR Oct-2025 Release 1 or later
  • Implement additional physical security measures to prevent unauthorized access
  • Monitor device access logs for suspicious activity
  • Limit physical access to devices using KnoxGuard
  • Apply general security best practices to reduce the risk of exploitation.
CVE-2025-21046 2.4
Published: 2025-10-10T07:15:39.713

What it does:

The CVE-2025-21046 vulnerability allows an attacker with physical access to a device to temporarily view the list of recently used apps in Samsung DeX, due to improper access control in the WindowManager.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it could potentially expose sensitive information about the device's usage, such as recently accessed confidential documents or private communications, to unauthorized individuals who gain physical access to the device.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update Samsung DeX to the latest version released after SMR Oct-2025 Release 1
  • Enable device locking and encryption to prevent unauthorized physical access
  • Use a secure screen lock method, such as a PIN or fingerprint recognition, to protect the device from physical attackers.
CVE-2025-21045 4.0
Published: 2025-10-10T07:15:39.517

What it does:

The Galaxy Watch stores sensitive information in an insecure manner, allowing local attackers to access this information on devices prior to the SMR Oct-2025 Release 1.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it enables unauthorized access to sensitive information, potentially leading to data breaches, identity theft, or other malicious activities, compromising the security and privacy of the device's user.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update the Galaxy Watch to the SMR Oct-2025 Release 1 or later
  • Use a secure lock screen and encryption to protect the device
  • Limit physical access to the device to prevent local attacks.
CVE-2025-21044 5.7
Published: 2025-10-10T07:15:38.200

What it does:

This vulnerability allows a local attacker with privileged access to write data outside the intended boundaries of a memory area in the fingerprint trustlet, which is a security component.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it could enable an attacker to modify sensitive data or execute malicious code, potentially leading to a security breach or system compromise.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update to SMR Oct-2025 Release 1 or later
  • [Apply security patches for the fingerprint trustlet]
  • [Limit privileged access to trusted individuals only]
  • [Monitor system logs for suspicious activity]
CVE-2025-10124 0
Published: 2025-10-10T06:15:32.217

What it does:

The Booking Manager WordPress plugin has a vulnerability that allows users with contributor or higher privileges to delete bookings by visiting a page containing a specific shortcode, which triggers the deletion of bookings.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it allows unauthorized or unintended deletion of bookings, potentially disrupting business operations and causing data loss, especially if the shortcode is accidentally or intentionally used by someone with sufficient privileges.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update the Booking Manager WordPress plugin to version 2.1.15 or later
  • [Limit contributor and above privileges to only trusted users]
  • Monitor booking activity for unexpected deletions
  • Review page content for the vulnerable shortcode and remove or restrict access to it.
CVE-2025-61871 0
Published: 2025-10-10T05:15:33.587

What it does:

The NAS Navigator2 Windows version by BUFFALO INC. has a vulnerability where it registers a Windows service with an unquoted file path, allowing a user with write permission on the system drive's root directory to potentially execute arbitrary code with elevated SYSTEM privileges.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it could allow an attacker with limited access to the system drive to gain full control over the system by executing malicious code with the highest level of privileges, leading to unauthorized access, data theft, or system compromise.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update NAS Navigator2 to the latest version
  • [Apply security patches from BUFFALO INC.]
  • Restrict write permissions on the system drive's root directory to authorized personnel only
  • Monitor system logs for suspicious activity
  • Implement additional access controls and intrusion detection systems to prevent exploitation.
CVE-2025-11570 4.6
Published: 2025-10-10T05:15:33.380

What it does:

The drupal-pattern-lab/unified-twig-extensions package has a Cross-site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability due to insufficient filtering of data, allowing attackers to inject malicious code when the code is executed outside of Drupal.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it can be exploited to steal user data, take control of user sessions, or perform other malicious actions, especially since the package is intended to be shared between Drupal and Pattern Lab, potentially increasing the attack surface.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update to version 1.1.1 of drupal/unified_twig_ext]
  • [Avoid using the drupal-pattern-lab/unified-twig-extensions package since it is unmaintained]
  • [Ensure that any code using the vulnerable package is executed within a secure Drupal environment to minimize exposure.
CVE-2025-11569 7.5
Published: 2025-10-10T05:15:32.190

What it does:

The CVE-2025-11569 vulnerability allows an attacker to access system files by exploiting the consecutive use of zipSync() and unzipSync() functions in the cross-zip package, particularly when arguments like __dirname are used, enabling directory traversal attacks.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it enables attackers to access sensitive system files, potentially leading to data breaches, unauthorized access, or even taking control of the system, which can have severe security and privacy implications.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update the cross-zip package to a version that fixes this vulnerability
  • [Avoid using consecutive zipSync() and unzipSync() functions with arguments like __dirname]
  • Validate and sanitize user input to prevent malicious directory traversal
  • [Implement access controls and restrictions to sensitive system files]
  • Monitor system activity for suspicious zip/unzip operations.
CVE-2025-11450 0
Published: 2025-10-10T02:15:38.610

What it does:

This vulnerability allows an attacker to execute arbitrary code in the browsers of ServiceNow users by tricking them into clicking on a specially crafted link, which can lead to reflected cross-site scripting attacks.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it can compromise the security of ServiceNow users' browsers, potentially allowing attackers to steal sensitive information, perform unauthorized actions, or take control of the user's session.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Apply the relevant security update provided by ServiceNow
  • Upgrade to the latest version of the ServiceNow AI Platform
  • Promptly install the listed patches and hot fixes if you are a self-hosted customer or have a unique configuration.
CVE-2025-11449 0
Published: 2025-10-10T02:15:38.440

What it does:

This vulnerability allows an attacker to execute arbitrary code in the browsers of ServiceNow users by tricking them into clicking on a specially crafted link, which can lead to reflected cross-site scripting attacks.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it can allow attackers to steal user data, take control of user sessions, or perform other malicious actions, potentially compromising the security and confidentiality of sensitive information.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Apply the relevant security update provided by ServiceNow
  • Upgrade to the latest version of the ServiceNow AI Platform
  • Promptly install the listed patches and hot fixes
  • Verify that your instance is configured correctly to prevent unique configuration issues.
CVE-2025-61928 0
Published: 2025-10-09T22:15:32.817

What it does:

The CVE-2025-61928 vulnerability allows an unauthenticated attacker to create or modify API keys for any user in the Better Auth library for TypeScript, by exploiting a flaw in the authentication process that occurs when a user's ID is passed in the request body without proper validation.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it enables an attacker to bypass authentication and gain complete access to a user's account, allowing them to perform any action as the victim user, potentially compromising user data and the application, depending on the victim's privileges.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update to version 1.3.26 or later of the Better Auth library
  • [Verify that all API endpoints are properly validated and authenticated]
  • Implement additional security measures to detect and prevent unauthorized API key creation or modification
  • [Review and monitor user accounts and API key usage for suspicious activity]
CVE-2025-61926 0
Published: 2025-10-09T22:15:32.630

What it does:

The CVE-2025-61926 vulnerability affects the Allstar GitHub App's Reviewbot component, where inbound webhook requests are validated against a hard-coded, shared secret that is compiled into the Allstar binary and cannot be changed at runtime.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it allows every deployment using Reviewbot to use the same secret for validating requests, making it easier for attackers to intercept and manipulate these requests, potentially leading to unauthorized access or malicious activities.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update to Allstar version 4.5 or later
  • [Check if Reviewbot endpoint is exposed and disable it if not necessary]
  • [Verify that the Reviewbot component is not being used in your deployment
  • [Consider rebuilding the Reviewbot component from source code with a custom secret token if updating to version 4.5 or later is not feasible].
CVE-2025-62240 0
Published: 2025-10-09T21:15:40.300

What it does:

This vulnerability allows attackers to inject malicious code into Liferay Portal and Liferay DXP through crafted payloads in a user's First Name, Middle Name, or Last Name text fields, enabling cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it enables remote attackers to inject arbitrary web scripts or HTML, potentially leading to unauthorized access, data theft, or malicious activities on the affected systems.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update Liferay Portal and Liferay DXP to the latest version
  • [patch the vulnerable Calendar events component]
  • implement input validation and sanitization for user-provided data
  • [restrict user input to prevent malicious code injection]
  • apply security configurations to prevent XSS attacks.
CVE-2025-61783 0
Published: 2025-10-09T21:15:40.127

What it does:

The Python Social Auth vulnerability allows a user to be associated with an account by email, even if the `associate_by_email` pipeline is not included, potentially leading to account compromise when using third-party authentication services that do not validate or require unique email addresses.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it can allow unauthorized access to user accounts, especially when third-party authentication services do not properly validate email addresses, which can lead to security breaches and data compromise.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update Python Social Auth to version 5.6.0 or later
  • Review the authentication service policy on email addresses to understand their validation and uniqueness requirements
  • Implement additional security measures to prevent account compromise, such as two-factor authentication or regular account monitoring.
CVE-2025-61779 0
Published: 2025-10-09T21:15:39.960

What it does:

The CVE-2025-61779 vulnerability in Confidential Containers's Trustee project allows any unauthenticated client to change the attestation policy by submitting a request to the attestation-policy endpoint, because the endpoint does not check for proper authentication.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it enables unauthorized access to modify the attestation policy, potentially compromising the security and confidentiality of sensitive information and allowing malicious activities to go undetected.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update to version 0.15.0 or later
  • Verify that all clients submitting requests to the attestation-policy endpoint are properly authenticated
  • Monitor the attestation-policy endpoint for suspicious activity and unauthorized access attempts
CVE-2025-61773 8.1
Published: 2025-10-09T21:15:39.793

What it does:

The CVE-2025-61773 vulnerability allows an attacker to inject arbitrary content into the pyLoad web interface by exploiting insufficient input validation in the Captcha script endpoint and the Click'N'Load (CNL) Blueprint, potentially leading to client-side code execution or other unintended behaviors.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it enables attackers to manipulate the web interface and execute malicious code, which can compromise the security of the system and potentially steal sensitive information or disrupt service.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update pyLoad to version 0.5.0b3.dev91 or later
  • [Verify that user input is properly validated and sanitized before being processed by the application]
  • [Implement additional security measures such as input encoding and request handling validation to prevent similar vulnerabilities in the future]
CVE-2025-61602 7.5
Published: 2025-10-09T21:15:39.640

What it does:

This vulnerability allows any authenticated user to crash the chat functionality in BigBlueButton virtual classrooms by sending a malformed message, specifically a wrong `reactionEmojiId`, disrupting the meeting for all participants.

Why it's a problem:

This denial-of-service vulnerability is a problem because it can be exploited by any user who has access to a meeting, causing disruptions and potentially hindering communication and collaboration among participants, which can be particularly damaging in educational or professional settings.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update BigBlueButton to version 3.0.13 or later
  • Ensure all users are aware of the vulnerability and its potential impact
  • Monitor meeting chat functionality for signs of disruption and report any issues promptly.
CVE-2025-61601 7.5
Published: 2025-10-09T21:15:39.477

What it does:

The CVE-2025-61601 vulnerability allows an authenticated user to crash or freeze a BigBlueButton virtual classroom server by submitting a malicious payload with a large array in the "answerIds" field, causing meetings to become unresponsive.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it can be exploited by any authenticated user to disrupt the entire server, potentially affecting all meetings and causing significant downtime and inconvenience for users.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update BigBlueButton to version 3.0.13 or later
  • Monitor server performance for signs of denial-of-service attacks
  • Limit user privileges to prevent authenticated users from abusing the polling feature.
CVE-2025-60375 0
Published: 2025-10-09T21:15:39.323

What it does:

The CVE-2025-60375 vulnerability allows attackers to bypass login credentials in Perfex CRM versions before 3.3.1 by sending empty username and password parameters, granting unauthorized access to user accounts, including administrative accounts, without valid credentials.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it enables attackers to gain access to sensitive information and perform malicious actions without needing legitimate login credentials, potentially leading to data breaches, account takeovers, and other security incidents.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update Perfex CRM to version 3.3.1 or later
  • Migrate to a version with improved server-side validation
  • Implement additional authentication measures, such as multi-factor authentication, to enhance security.
CVE-2025-59286 6.5
Published: 2025-10-09T21:15:39.133

What it does:

The CVE-2025-59286 vulnerability allows attackers to spoof Copilot, potentially tricking users into executing malicious actions or revealing sensitive information.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it can lead to unauthorized access, data breaches, and other malicious activities, compromising the security and trust of Copilot users.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update Copilot to the latest version
  • [Verify the authenticity of Copilot prompts and warnings]
  • Use two-factor authentication to add an extra layer of security
  • Monitor system and user activity for suspicious behavior
  • Report any suspected spoofing incidents to the relevant authorities.
CVE-2025-59272 6.5
Published: 2025-10-09T21:15:38.930

What it does:

The CVE-2025-59272 vulnerability allows attackers to spoof Copilot, potentially tricking users into executing malicious actions or revealing sensitive information.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it can lead to unauthorized access, data breaches, or malicious activity, compromising the security and integrity of affected systems and user data.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update Copilot to the latest version
  • [Verify the authenticity of Copilot prompts and warnings]
  • [Implement additional security measures, such as two-factor authentication and regular security audits]
  • [Monitor system activity for suspicious behavior and report incidents promptly]
CVE-2025-59271 8.7
Published: 2025-10-09T21:15:38.763

What it does:

The CVE-2025-59271 vulnerability allows an attacker to gain elevated privileges in Redis Enterprise, potentially giving them unauthorized access to sensitive data and system controls.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it can be exploited by attackers to gain control over the Redis Enterprise system, allowing them to steal or modify sensitive data, disrupt system operations, or use the system as a launchpoint for further attacks.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update to the latest version of Redis Enterprise
  • [Apply security patches provided by the vendor]
  • Implement strict access controls and authentication mechanisms to limit potential attack vectors
  • Monitor system logs for suspicious activity and anomalies
  • Consider implementing a web application firewall (WAF) to detect and prevent exploitation attempts.
CVE-2025-59252 6.5
Published: 2025-10-09T21:15:38.600

What it does:

The CVE-2025-59252 vulnerability allows an attacker to spoof the M365 Copilot, potentially tricking users into performing unintended actions or revealing sensitive information.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it can lead to phishing attacks, unauthorized access to sensitive data, and compromised user trust in the M365 Copilot system, ultimately putting user privacy and security at risk.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update M365 Copilot to the latest version
  • [Verify the authenticity of Copilot requests]
  • Use two-factor authentication to add an extra layer of security
  • Regularly monitor system activity for suspicious behavior
  • Report any suspected spoofing incidents to the relevant authorities.
CVE-2025-59247 8.8
Published: 2025-10-09T21:15:38.433

What it does:

The Azure PlayFab Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability allows an attacker to gain unauthorized access and escalate their privileges, potentially taking control of sensitive resources and data within the Azure PlayFab environment.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it enables malicious actors to bypass security controls, access restricted information, and perform actions that could compromise the integrity and confidentiality of the system, leading to potential data breaches, financial losses, and reputational damage.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update Azure PlayFab to the latest version
  • [Apply security patches and updates as soon as they are available]
  • Implement least privilege access controls to restrict user permissions
  • Monitor system logs and network activity for suspicious behavior
  • Contact Azure support for additional guidance and remediation assistance.
CVE-2025-59246 9.8
Published: 2025-10-09T21:15:38.267

What it does:

The Azure Entra ID Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability allows an attacker to gain higher-level access and privileges to Azure Entra ID, potentially giving them control over sensitive information and systems.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it enables attackers to escalate their privileges, potentially leading to unauthorized access, data breaches, and disruption of critical systems, which can have severe consequences for organizations relying on Azure services.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update Azure Entra ID to the latest patched version
  • Implement least privilege access principles to limit potential damage
  • Monitor system logs for suspicious activity and anomalies
  • Apply additional security measures such as multi-factor authentication to prevent unauthorized access.
CVE-2025-59218 9.6
Published: 2025-10-09T21:15:38.093

What it does:

The Azure Entra ID Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability allows an attacker to gain elevated access and privileges to Azure Entra ID, potentially enabling them to perform unauthorized actions and access sensitive information.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it can lead to unauthorized access, data breaches, and disruption of services, compromising the security and integrity of Azure Entra ID and related systems, with a high severity score of 9.6 indicating a critical risk.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update Azure Entra ID to the latest version
  • [Apply security patches and fixes provided by Microsoft]
  • Implement least privilege access principles to limit user permissions
  • Monitor Azure Entra ID for suspicious activity and anomalies
  • Contact Microsoft support for additional guidance and recommendations.
CVE-2025-55321 8.7
Published: 2025-10-09T21:15:37.890

What it does:

This vulnerability allows an authorized attacker to inject malicious code into Azure Monitor's web pages, enabling them to spoof content and potentially trick users into performing unintended actions.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it can lead to unauthorized access, data theft, and other malicious activities, as attackers can use spoofed content to deceive users and gain their trust, ultimately compromising the security of the system and its users.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update Azure Monitor to the latest version
  • [Apply the security patch provided by Microsoft]
  • [Implement robust input validation and sanitization to prevent cross-site scripting attacks]
  • [Limit user privileges to minimize the attack surface]
  • [Monitor system logs for suspicious activity and respond promptly to potential security incidents]
CVE-2025-43296 0
Published: 2025-10-09T21:15:37.767

What it does:

This vulnerability allows an app to bypass Gatekeeper checks on macOS devices, which are designed to ensure that only trusted applications are installed and run.

Why it's a problem:

This is a problem because Gatekeeper checks are a crucial security feature that helps protect users from potentially malicious or untrusted software. If an app can bypass these checks, it may be able to install and run malicious code, potentially leading to data theft, system compromise, or other security issues.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update to macOS Tahoe 26 or later
  • [Ensure all apps are from trusted sources and verified by Gatekeeper]
  • Regularly review installed applications for suspicious activity
  • Keep all software up to date to prevent exploitation of known vulnerabilities
CVE-2025-35062 5.3
Published: 2025-10-09T21:15:37.607

What it does:

The Newforma Info Exchange (NIX) software, prior to version 2023.1, allows anonymous authentication by default, enabling an unauthorized attacker to access the system without a username or password, and potentially exploit other vulnerabilities that normally require authentication.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it allows attackers to bypass the initial security barrier, gaining unauthorized access to the system and potentially leading to further exploitation of other vulnerabilities, which could result in data breaches, system compromise, or other malicious activities.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update NIX to version 2023.1 or later
  • [Disable anonymous authentication in the current version]
  • [Implement additional security measures, such as multi-factor authentication, to prevent unauthorized access]
CVE-2025-35061 5.9
Published: 2025-10-09T21:15:37.460

What it does:

The CVE-2025-35061 vulnerability allows a remote attacker to trick the Newforma Info Exchange (NIX) system into connecting to a malicious server via SMB, enabling the attacker to capture the NTLMv2 hash of the NIX service account.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it enables attackers to obtain sensitive authentication information (NTLMv2 hash) that can be used to gain unauthorized access to the NIX system or other systems that use the same credentials, potentially leading to data breaches or lateral movement within the network.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update NIX to the latest version
  • [Patch the '/NPCSRemoteWeb/LegacyIntegrationServices.asmx' component to prevent unauthorized SMB connections
  • Restrict access to the NIX service account
  • [Implement additional security measures such as SMB signing and encryption to protect against hash capture
  • Monitor network traffic for suspicious SMB connections to detect potential exploitation attempts.
CVE-2025-35060 5.5
Published: 2025-10-09T21:15:37.297

What it does:

The Newforma Info Exchange (NIX) 'Send a File Transfer' feature allows remote authenticated attackers to upload SVG files containing JavaScript or other executable content that can be rendered by a web browser on a mobile device.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it enables attackers to potentially execute malicious code on a user's mobile device, leading to unauthorized access, data theft, or other security breaches, by exploiting the trust placed in uploaded files.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Validate and sanitize all uploaded files
  • [Implement strict file type restrictions, only allowing approved file types]
  • Use a web application firewall (WAF) to detect and block malicious uploads
  • [Keep software and browsers up-to-date with the latest security patches]
  • Use a mobile device management (MDM) solution to monitor and control device security.
CVE-2025-35059 4.3
Published: 2025-10-09T21:15:37.143

What it does:

The Newforma Info Exchange (NIX) system has a vulnerability in its '/DownloadWeb/hyperlinkredirect.aspx' page, which allows an attacker to redirect users to any URL without authentication by manipulating the 'nhl' parameter.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it can be used by attackers to trick users into visiting malicious websites, potentially leading to phishing attacks, malware downloads, or other types of cyber threats, by making it appear as though the link is coming from a trusted source.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update Newforma Info Exchange to the latest version
  • [Verify that the 'nhl' parameter is properly validated and sanitized to prevent unauthorized redirects]
  • Implement web application firewall (WAF) rules to detect and block suspicious redirect attempts
  • Limit access to the '/DownloadWeb/hyperlinkredirect.aspx' page to authorized users only
  • Monitor system logs for signs of unauthorized redirect activity.
CVE-2025-35058 5.9
Published: 2025-10-09T21:15:36.983

What it does:

The CVE-2025-35058 vulnerability allows an unauthenticated attacker to trick Newforma Info Exchange (NIX) into connecting to a malicious server via SMB, enabling the attacker to capture the NTLMv2 hash of the NIX service account.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it allows attackers to obtain sensitive authentication information (NTLMv2 hash) that can be used to gain unauthorized access to the system, potentially leading to data breaches, lateral movement, and other malicious activities.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update NIX to the latest version
  • [Apply firewall rules to restrict SMB connections to trusted systems]
  • [Implement additional authentication mechanisms, such as multi-factor authentication, to protect the NIX service account]
  • [Monitor system logs for suspicious SMB connection attempts]
  • [Limit the privileges of the NIX service account to minimize potential damage]
CVE-2025-35057 5.3
Published: 2025-10-09T21:15:36.827

What it does:

The CVE-2025-35057 vulnerability allows a remote attacker to trick Newforma Info Exchange (NIX) into connecting to a malicious server via SMB, which enables the attacker to capture the NTLMv2 hash of the NIX service account.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it allows attackers to obtain sensitive authentication information (NTLMv2 hash) that can be used to gain unauthorized access to the NIX system or other systems that use the same credentials, potentially leading to data breaches or lateral movement within the network.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update Newforma Info Exchange to the latest version
  • [Apply security patches to the NIX system]
  • Restrict access to the '/RemoteWeb/IntegrationServices.ashx' endpoint to only trusted sources
  • Implement additional authentication and authorization mechanisms to protect the NIX service account
  • Monitor network traffic for suspicious SMB connections.
CVE-2025-35056 5.0
Published: 2025-10-09T21:15:36.670

What it does:

This vulnerability allows an authenticated attacker to read arbitrary files on a system running Newforma Info Exchange (NIX) by exploiting the 'StreamStampImage' feature in the '/UserWeb/Common/MarkupServices.ashx' endpoint, which can process and return images of specified files using an encrypted file path generated with a hard-coded secret key.

Why it's a problem:

This is a problem because it enables attackers who have already gained some level of access to the system to escalate their privileges and access sensitive files that they should not be able to read, potentially leading to data breaches or other malicious activities.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update NIX to the latest version
  • [patch the 'StreamStampImage' vulnerability]
  • [change the hard-coded secret key to a unique, secure key]
  • [limit user privileges to the minimum required for their role
  • [monitor system logs for suspicious activity related to file access].
CVE-2025-35055 8.8
Published: 2025-10-09T21:15:36.517

What it does:

The CVE-2025-35055 vulnerability allows an attacker to upload any file to a writable location on the Newforma Info Exchange (NIX) application server, potentially including malicious files like web shells, and also enables the deletion of directories.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it enables an attacker to gain control over the server by uploading and executing malicious content, potentially leading to unauthorized access, data breaches, or disruption of service, especially since anonymous access is enabled by default in versions before 2023.1, making it easier for unauthenticated attackers to exploit.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update Newforma Info Exchange to version 2023.1 or later
  • [Disable anonymous access if not required]
  • Restrict file upload locations and types to only those necessary for the application
  • Monitor server activity for suspicious file uploads and executions
  • Implement additional security measures such as web application firewalls to detect and prevent malicious uploads.
CVE-2025-35054 5.3
Published: 2025-10-09T21:15:36.357

What it does:

The Newforma Info Exchange (NIX) stores encrypted credentials in a registry location, but also stores the encryption key in the same location, allowing authenticated users to access both.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it allows attackers to potentially gain access to sensitive credentials, including Active Directory credentials, which could be used to access additional systems and resources, compromising the security of the network.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Limit user access to the registry location 'HKLM\Software\WOW6432Node\Newforma\\Credentials'
  • Implement additional encryption methods to protect the credentials and encryption key
  • Regularly review and update access controls for authenticated users
  • Consider using alternative secure storage methods for sensitive credentials.
CVE-2025-35053 6.4
Published: 2025-10-09T21:15:36.203

What it does:

The CVE-2025-35053 vulnerability allows an authenticated user to access and delete arbitrary files on a Newforma Info Exchange (NIX) system with elevated 'NT AUTHORITY\NetworkService' privileges by sending a specific request to the '/UserWeb/Common/MarkupServices.ashx' endpoint. This is further exacerbated by CVE-2025-35062, which enables anonymous access by default in Newforma versions before 2023.1, potentially allowing unauthenticated attackers to exploit this vulnerability.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it grants unauthorized access to sensitive files and allows them to be read or deleted, potentially leading to data loss, disruption of services, or unauthorized disclosure of confidential information. The fact that anonymous access is enabled by default in older versions makes it even more severe, as it lowers the barrier for potential attackers.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update Newforma to version 2023.1 or later
  • [Disable anonymous access in the system configuration]
  • Implement access controls and monitoring to detect and prevent unauthorized file access and modifications
  • [Regularly review and update file permissions to ensure least privilege access].
CVE-2025-35052 5.3
Published: 2025-10-09T21:15:36.040

What it does:

The Newforma Info Exchange (NIX) uses a fixed, hard-coded key to encrypt certain parameters in queries, which can allow unauthorized access to download files by bypassing normal authentication and authorization processes.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it allows potential attackers to access sensitive files without proper credentials, potentially leading to data breaches or other malicious activities, due to the shared hard-coded key used across all NIX installations.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update to NIX version 2023.3 or later
  • [Upgrade to NIX 2024.1 for enhanced security]
  • [Avoid using hard-coded keys in encryption processes
  • [Implement additional authentication and authorization measures to protect sensitive files]
CVE-2025-35051 9.8
Published: 2025-10-09T21:15:35.873

What it does:

The Newforma Project Center Server (NPCS) has a vulnerability that allows a remote attacker to send malicious .NET data to the server, which can lead to the execution of arbitrary code with elevated privileges.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it enables an unauthorized attacker to gain control of the server and potentially access sensitive data or disrupt operations, posing a significant security risk due to its high severity level of 9.8.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Restrict network access to the NPCS endpoint_
  • _Limit access to the '/ProjectCenter.rem' endpoint on 9003/tcp to only trusted internal networks_
  • _Implement additional security measures to detect and prevent suspicious activity on the internal network.
CVE-2025-35050 9.8
Published: 2025-10-09T21:15:35.707

What it does:

The CVE-2025-35050 vulnerability allows a remote, unauthenticated attacker to send malicious .NET data to the '/remoteweb/remote.rem' endpoint in Newforma Info Exchange (NIX), which can lead to the execution of arbitrary code with elevated privileges.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it enables attackers to gain control over the system with 'NT AUTHORITY\NetworkService' privileges, potentially allowing them to access and compromise associated Newforma Project Center Server (NPCS) systems, leading to significant security breaches and data compromise.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Restrict network access to the '/remoteweb/remote.rem' endpoint
  • Use the IIS URL Rewrite Module to limit access
  • Implement additional security measures to protect associated NPCS systems
  • Monitor system logs for suspicious activity related to the vulnerable endpoint.
CVE-2025-34248 0
Published: 2025-10-09T21:15:35.557

What it does:

The CVE-2025-34248 vulnerability allows an authenticated attacker to delete arbitrary files on a D-Link Nuclias Connect system by exploiting a directory traversal flaw in the firmware's deleteBackup function, due to improper sanitization of user input.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it can compromise the integrity and availability of the system, allowing attackers to potentially disrupt or disable critical functions by deleting important files.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update D-Link Nuclias Connect firmware to version 1.3.1.4 or later
  • Restrict access to the system to only trusted and authenticated users
  • Monitor system logs for suspicious file deletion activity
  • Regularly back up important files to prevent data loss in case of an attack.
CVE-2025-11558 7.3
Published: 2025-10-09T21:15:35.357

What it does:

This vulnerability allows an attacker to perform a SQL injection attack by manipulating the "Search" argument in the /pages/user_index_search.php file of the code-projects E-Commerce Website 1.0, potentially giving them access to sensitive database information.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it can be exploited remotely, allowing attackers to access and manipulate sensitive data, potentially leading to data breaches, unauthorized access, and other malicious activities, which can compromise the security and integrity of the website and its users.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update the code-projects E-Commerce Website to a patched version
  • [Implement input validation and sanitization for the "Search" argument]
  • [Use prepared statements to prevent SQL injection]
  • [Limit database privileges to the minimum required
  • [Monitor the website for suspicious activity and update security measures regularly]
CVE-2025-11557 7.3
Published: 2025-10-09T21:15:35.160

What it does:

The CVE-2025-11557 vulnerability allows an attacker to inject malicious SQL code into the Gate Pass Management System 1.0 by manipulating the "fullname" argument in the /add-pass.php file, which can be executed remotely.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it enables attackers to access and manipulate sensitive data in the system's database, potentially leading to unauthorized data breaches, modification, or deletion, which can have serious security and confidentiality implications.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update the Gate Pass Management System to a patched version
  • [Apply input validation and sanitization to the "fullname" argument in the /add-pass.php file
  • [Implement a Web Application Firewall (WAF) to detect and prevent SQL injection attacks
  • [Limit remote access to the /add-pass.php file and restrict user privileges
  • [Monitor system logs for suspicious activity and potential exploitation attempts]
CVE-2025-11556 7.3
Published: 2025-10-09T21:15:34.953

What it does:

The CVE-2025-11556 vulnerability allows an attacker to manipulate the "table" argument in the /user.php file of Simple Leave Manager 1.0, leading to a SQL injection attack, which can be exploited remotely.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it enables attackers to inject malicious SQL code, potentially allowing them to access, modify, or delete sensitive data, disrupt the application's functionality, or even gain unauthorized access to the system.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update Simple Leave Manager to a patched version
  • [Implement input validation and sanitization for the "table" argument in /user.php]
  • [Use prepared statements or parameterized queries to prevent SQL injection
  • [Limit remote access to the /user.php file and the Simple Leave Manager application
  • [Monitor system logs for suspicious activity and signs of exploitation].
CVE-2025-11555 7.3
Published: 2025-10-09T21:15:34.753

What it does:

The CVE-2025-11555 vulnerability allows an attacker to inject malicious SQL code into the Campcodes Online Learning Management System 1.0 by manipulating the "date_start" argument in the /admin/calendar_of_events.php file, which can be done remotely.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it enables attackers to access and manipulate sensitive data in the database, potentially leading to unauthorized data breaches, modifications, or even deletion of critical information, which can compromise the security and integrity of the system.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update the Campcodes Online Learning Management System to a patched version
  • [Verify user input to prevent malicious SQL code injection]
  • [Implement a Web Application Firewall (WAF) to detect and block suspicious traffic]
  • [Limit remote access to the /admin/calendar_of_events.php file
  • [Use parameterized queries or prepared statements to prevent SQL injection attacks]
CVE-2016-15047 0
Published: 2025-10-09T21:15:34.400

What it does:

This vulnerability allows an authenticated attacker to inject and execute arbitrary system commands as root on AVTECH devices that have the CloudSetup.cgi management endpoint, by exploiting the lack of validation or whitelisting of the `exefile` parameter.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it grants full control of the device to the attacker, potentially enabling them to steal credentials, move laterally within a network, or exfiltrate data, especially if the device stores sensitive information or has access to internal systems.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update AVTECH device firmware to a version that fixes this vulnerability if available
  • [contact AVTECH support for guidance on securing the CloudSetup.cgi endpoint]
  • [restrict access to the CloudSetup.cgi endpoint to only trusted and necessary users]
  • [implement network segmentation to limit the device's access to internal systems and sensitive data].
CVE-2025-60316 0
Published: 2025-10-09T20:15:40.547

What it does:

The CVE-2025-60316 vulnerability allows an attacker to inject malicious SQL code into the Pet Grooming Management Software through the ID parameter in the admin/view_customer.php file, potentially giving them unauthorized access to sensitive database information.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it can lead to unauthorized data access, modification, or deletion, compromising the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the software's database, which may contain sensitive customer information.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update the software to a patched version
  • [Implement input validation and sanitization on the ID parameter]
  • [Use prepared statements to prevent SQL injection]
  • [Limit database privileges to the minimum required for the application
  • [Monitor database activity for suspicious queries]
CVE-2025-11554 6.3
Published: 2025-10-09T20:15:37.160

What it does:

The CVE-2025-11554 vulnerability allows an attacker to manipulate the User Type Handler in Portabilis i-Educar, leading to insecure inherited permissions, which can be initiated remotely.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it enables remote attackers to potentially gain unauthorized access to sensitive information or perform actions they shouldn't be able to, by exploiting the insecure permissions inheritance in the affected system.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update Portabilis i-Educar to a version later than 2.9.10
  • [Apply security patches to the User Type Handler component
  • [Implement additional access controls and monitoring to detect potential exploitation
  • [Restrict remote access to the affected system until a patch can be applied]
CVE-2025-11553 6.3
Published: 2025-10-09T20:15:36.947

What it does:

The CVE-2025-11553 vulnerability allows an attacker to inject malicious SQL code into the Courier Management System 1.0 by manipulating the "Shippername" argument in the /add-courier.php file, which can be done remotely.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it enables attackers to access and manipulate sensitive data in the system's database, potentially leading to unauthorized data disclosure, modification, or deletion, which can compromise the security and integrity of the system.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update the Courier Management System to a patched version
  • [Apply input validation and sanitization to the "Shippername" field in the /add-courier.php file
  • [Implement a Web Application Firewall (WAF) to detect and prevent SQL injection attacks]
  • [Limit remote access to the /add-courier.php file and restrict user privileges to minimize potential damage]
CVE-2025-59146 8.5
Published: 2025-10-09T19:15:43.837

What it does:

This vulnerability allows an authenticated attacker to trick the server into making requests to arbitrary internal or external services by submitting a crafted URL, due to a lack of proper validation of user-supplied URLs.

Why it's a problem:

This is a problem because it enables an attacker to potentially access sensitive internal services, extract data, or disrupt operations, exploiting the trust that the server has in its authenticated users, and potentially leading to further malicious activities.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Upgrade to version 0.9.0.5 or later
  • [Enable the new-api image processing worker (new-api-worker)]
  • [Configure egress firewall rules to restrict outbound requests]
  • Disable user registration if not necessary
  • Limit access to the vulnerable endpoint to trusted users only.
CVE-2025-55200 7.1
Published: 2025-10-09T19:15:43.663

What it does:

The BigBlueButton virtual classroom has a vulnerability in its "Shared Notes" feature that allows a user with a malicious username to execute arbitrary JavaScript code when higher-privileged users, such as admins, open the Shared Notes page.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it enables a low-privileged user to perform actions in the context of higher-privileged users, potentially leading to unauthorized access, data modification, or other malicious activities, compromising the security and integrity of the virtual classroom environment.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update BigBlueButton to version 3.0.13 or later
  • Ensure all users have unique and validated usernames
  • Limit access to the Shared Notes feature to trusted users only
CVE-2025-4615 0
Published: 2025-10-09T19:15:43.490

What it does:

This vulnerability allows an authenticated administrator to bypass system restrictions and execute arbitrary commands through the management web interface of the Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS software.

Why it's a problem:

This is a problem because it enables an administrator with malicious intentions to perform unauthorized actions, potentially leading to system compromise, data breaches, or disruption of services.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Restrict CLI access to a limited group of trusted administrators
  • Implement additional security controls to monitor and limit administrator activities
  • Update PAN-OS software to the latest version when a patch becomes available
  • Limit access to the management web interface to only necessary personnel.
CVE-2025-4614 0
Published: 2025-10-09T19:15:43.307

What it does:

This vulnerability allows an authenticated administrator to view session tokens of users logged into the firewall web interface, potentially enabling them to impersonate those users.

Why it's a problem:

This is a problem because it could allow an administrator with malicious intentions to access and control other users' accounts, compromising the security and privacy of those users and potentially the entire network.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Restrict CLI access to a limited group of trusted administrators
  • Ensure that all administrators with access to the firewall web UI have strong passwords and follow best practices for secure account management
  • Monitor user activity and session tokens for any suspicious behavior
  • Update to a patched version of PAN-OS software when available.
CVE-2025-11552 6.3
Published: 2025-10-09T19:15:42.770

What it does:

This vulnerability allows an attacker to inject malicious SQL code into the Online Complaint Site 1.0 application through the Category argument in the /admin/category.php file, potentially giving them unauthorized access to sensitive data.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it can be exploited remotely, allowing attackers to access and manipulate sensitive data without needing physical access to the system, and since the exploit is publicly available, it increases the likelihood of the vulnerability being used by malicious actors.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update the Online Complaint Site 1.0 application to the latest version
  • [patch the /admin/category.php file to prevent SQL injection]
  • implement input validation and sanitization for the Category argument
  • [use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) to detect and prevent SQL injection attacks]
  • limit remote access to the /admin/category.php file
  • [perform regular security audits and penetration testing to identify and address vulnerabilities].
CVE-2025-60267 0
Published: 2025-10-09T18:15:49.910

What it does:

This vulnerability allows an attacker to inject malicious SQL code into the "cond" parameter in the "notice/list" function of xckk version 9.6, potentially giving them unauthorized access to sensitive database information.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it enables attackers to manipulate database queries, which can lead to data theft, modification, or deletion, and potentially allow them to gain control of the entire system.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update xckk to a patched version
  • [Implement input validation and sanitization for the "cond" parameter]
  • Use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) to detect and prevent SQL injection attacks
  • Limit database privileges to the minimum required for the application
  • Regularly monitor database activity for suspicious queries.
CVE-2025-11573 7.5
Published: 2025-10-09T18:15:49.543

What it does:

The Amazon.IonDotnet library has an infinite loop issue that can be triggered by a specially crafted text input, allowing a threat actor to cause a denial of service.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it can be exploited to disrupt service, making the system or application unavailable, which can lead to significant downtime and potential data loss.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Upgrade to version v1.3.2 of the Amazon.IonDotnet library
  • Be aware that the library has been deprecated and will not receive further updates, so alternative solutions should be considered for long-term security
  • Monitor for any further updates or recommendations from the library maintainers or security community.
CVE-2025-11551 6.3
Published: 2025-10-09T18:15:49.333

What it does:

The CVE-2025-11551 vulnerability allows an attacker to manipulate the "roll", "name", or "gpa" argument in the Student Result Manager 1.0 system, which can lead to a SQL injection attack, potentially giving the attacker access to sensitive database information.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it can be exploited remotely, allowing an attacker to access and manipulate sensitive data without needing physical access to the system, which can lead to data breaches, unauthorized data modification, or other malicious activities.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update the Student Result Manager software to a patched version
  • [Implement input validation and sanitization to prevent malicious SQL code injection
  • [Use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) to detect and prevent SQL injection attacks
  • [Limit remote access to the system and implement strict access controls
  • [Regularly monitor the system for suspicious activity and perform security audits.
CVE-2025-11550 6.5
Published: 2025-10-09T18:15:48.610

What it does:

This vulnerability allows an attacker to manipulate a specific function in the Tenda W12 router's HTTP Request Handler, causing a null pointer dereference. This can be done remotely, meaning the attacker doesn't need direct access to the router.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it can be exploited by attackers from a remote location, potentially allowing them to crash the router or execute arbitrary code, which could lead to unauthorized access or control of the device.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update the Tenda W12 firmware to a version later than 3.0.0.6(3948)
  • Change the default password and enable WPA2 encryption to secure the router
  • Limit remote access to the router's administration interface
  • Monitor network traffic for suspicious activity and update firewall rules to block potential attack vectors.
CVE-2025-60304 0
Published: 2025-10-09T17:16:04.887

What it does:

The CVE-2025-60304 vulnerability allows an attacker to inject malicious code into the Simple Scheduling System 1.0 via the Subject Description field, enabling Cross Site Scripting (XSS) attacks.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it can lead to unauthorized access to user data, session hijacking, and other malicious activities, potentially compromising the security and integrity of the system and its users.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Validate and sanitize user input in the Subject Description field
  • Implement content security policies to restrict script execution
  • Update the Simple Scheduling System to a patched version
  • Use web application firewalls to detect and prevent XSS attacks
  • Limit user privileges to minimize potential damage.
CVE-2025-60266 0
Published: 2025-10-09T17:16:04.577

What it does:

This vulnerability allows an attacker to inject malicious SQL code into the "address/list" endpoint by manipulating the "orderBy" parameter, potentially giving them unauthorized access to sensitive data.

Why it's a problem:

This SQL injection vulnerability can lead to unauthorized data access, modification, or deletion, and potentially even allow attackers to gain control of the entire system, compromising the security and integrity of the data.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Validate and sanitize user input for the "orderBy" parameter
  • Implement a Web Application Firewall (WAF) to detect and prevent SQL injection attacks
  • Update xckk to a version that securely filters the "orderBy" parameter
  • Use prepared statements or parameterized queries to prevent SQL injection
  • Limit database privileges to the minimum required for the application.
CVE-2025-60010 5.4
Published: 2025-10-09T17:16:04.290

What it does:

The CVE-2025-60010 vulnerability allows an attacker to access a Juniper Networks device using an expired password, even if the password should have been changed according to the RADIUS server's policy.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it enables attackers to bypass password aging policies, potentially allowing unauthorized access to the device with an expired password, which could lead to security breaches and data compromises.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update Junos OS to version 22.4R3-S8 or later
  • Update Junos OS to version 23.2R2-S4 or later for 23.2 versions
  • Update Junos OS to version 23.4R2-S5 or later for 23.4 versions
  • Update Junos OS to version 24.2R2-S1 or later for 24.2 versions
  • Update Junos OS to version 24.4R1-S3 or later for 24.4 versions
  • Update Junos OS Evolved to version 22.4R3-S8-EVO or later
  • Update Junos OS Evolved to version 23.2R2-S4-EVO or later for 23.2 versions
  • Update Junos OS Evolved to version 23.4R2-S5-EVO or later for 23.4 versions
  • Update Junos OS Evolved to version 24.2R2-S1-EVO or later for 24.2 versions
  • Update Junos OS Evolved to version 24.4R1-S3-EVO or later for 24.4 versions.
CVE-2025-60009 6.1
Published: 2025-10-09T17:16:04.070

What it does:

The CVE-2025-60009 vulnerability allows an attacker to inject malicious script tags into the CLI Configlet page in Juniper Networks Junos Space, enabling them to execute commands with the target user's permissions when the page is visited.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it enables attackers to gain unauthorized access and control, potentially allowing them to execute commands with administrator privileges, which could lead to data breaches, system compromise, and other malicious activities.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update Junos Space to version 24.1R4 or later
  • Restrict access to the CLI Configlet page to authorized personnel only
  • Implement additional security measures, such as input validation and sanitization, to prevent malicious script injections.
CVE-2025-60006 5.3
Published: 2025-10-09T17:16:03.857

What it does:

The CVE-2025-60006 vulnerability allows an attacker to inject malicious commands into the Command Line Interface (CLI) of Juniper Networks Junos OS Evolved, potentially elevating privileges and executing unauthorized commands.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it enables attackers to bypass security restrictions and perform actions that they should not be allowed to do, according to their assigned permissions, which can lead to unauthorized access and potential system compromise.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update Junos OS Evolved to version 24.2R2-S2-EVO or later for 24.2 versions
  • Update Junos OS Evolved to version 24.4R2-EVO or later for 24.4 versions
  • Avoid using crafted CLI commands that could exploit the vulnerability
  • Monitor system activity for suspicious behavior and unauthorized access.
CVE-2025-60004 7.5
Published: 2025-10-09T17:16:03.673

What it does:

The CVE-2025-60004 vulnerability allows an unauthenticated attacker to send a specific BGP EVPN update message to a Juniper Networks device running Junos OS or Junos OS Evolved, causing the routing protocol daemon (rpd) to crash and restart.

Why it's a problem:

This vulnerability is a problem because it can be exploited by an attacker to launch a Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack, disrupting the device's ability to route traffic and potentially causing network outages. This can have significant impacts on network availability and reliability.

Steps to mitigate:

  • Update Junos OS to a fixed version (23.4R2-S5 or later, 24.2R2-S1 or later, 24.4R1-S3 or later, or 24.4R2 or later)
  • Update Junos OS Evolved to a fixed version (23.4R2-S5-EVO or later, 24.2R2-S1-EVO or later, 24.4R1-S3-EVO or later, or 24.4R2-EVO or later)
  • Configure devices to only accept BGP EVPN updates from trusted peers and implement network segmentation to limit the attack surface.